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Spanish grammar lessons › Level B1 › Prepositions & Conjunctions

aunque, sin embargo, por eso, así que, además

Link ideas to show contrast, cause, result and addition.

Part of the free B1 Spanish course. Press the speaker next to an example to hear it.

Connectors are the words that glue ideas together and show how they relate: although, however, so, that's why, besides. Using them is what makes your Spanish sound connected rather than a list of short sentences.

RelationConnectorEnglish
contrast inside a sentenceaunquealthough, even though
contrast with what came beforesin embargohowever, nevertheless
causeporque, comobecause, as, since
resultpor esothat's why
resultasí queso
additionademásbesides, what's more

Aunque: although

  • Aunque estaba cansada, fui a la fiesta.Although I was tired, I went to the party.
  • Hace sol, aunque hace un poco de frío.It's sunny, although it's a bit cold.

Here aunque is followed by the indicative because it states a fact. Aunque + subjunctive (even if) comes in aunque + indicative or subjunctive.

Sin embargo: however

Sin embargo contrasts with the previous sentence. It is a little more formal than pero and usually goes at the start of a new sentence, followed by a comma, or between commas.

  • Me encanta este barrio. Sin embargo, es muy ruidoso.I love this neighbourhood. However, it's very noisy.
  • El hotel era caro y, sin embargo, no estaba limpio.The hotel was expensive and yet it wasn't clean.

Porque and como: cause

Porque comes after the main idea. To start a sentence with the cause, use como.

  • No fui a clase porque estaba enfermo.I didn't go to class because I was ill.
  • Como no había nadie en casa, volví al día siguiente.As nobody was home, I came back the next day.

Por eso and así que: result

Both introduce a consequence. Así que joins two parts of the same sentence after a comma. Por eso can also start a new sentence.

  • Perdí el autobús, por eso llegué tarde.I missed the bus; that's why I was late.
  • No tenía hambre, así que no cené.I wasn't hungry, so I didn't have dinner.

Además: besides, as well

  • El piso es grande y, además, tiene terraza.The flat is big and it also has a terrace.
  • Además de inglés, habla portugués.As well as English, she speaks Portuguese.

Además de + noun or infinitive means as well as, besides.

For more formal connectors (no obstante, por lo tanto, dado que), see Arguing: no obstante, por lo tanto, dado que, en cambio. To correct rather than contrast, see pero, sino, sino que.

Common mistakes

  • Porque no tenía dinero, no fui: starting with porque sounds unnatural here. To start with the cause, use Como: Como no tenía dinero, no fui.
  • Pero sin embargo: don't stack two contrast words. Use one: Sin embargo, … or pero ….
  • Llovía, así que salimos: así que introduces a result. For a contrast, use aunque or pero.
  • Además que es caro: before a noun or infinitive use además de: Además de ser caro…
  • Por eso que: por eso needs no que: Por eso llegué tarde.

Practice

  1. _____ llovía mucho, salimos a correr.
    Although it was raining hard, we went out for a run.
    Options: Aunque · Por eso · Así que · Además
    Show the answer

    Aunque — Contrast within the sentence: aunque.

  2. Tengo un examen mañana, _____ no puedo salir esta noche.
    I have an exam tomorrow, so I can't go out tonight.
    Options: así que · aunque · además · sin embargo
    Show the answer

    así que — A result: así que.

  3. El restaurante es barato y, _____, la comida es buenísima.
    The restaurant is cheap and, what's more, the food is great.
    Show the answer

    además

  4. Mi coche estaba en el taller. _____ fui en bici al trabajo.
    My car was at the garage. That's why I cycled to work.
    Options: Por eso · Aunque · Además · Sin embargo
    Show the answer

    Por eso — A result that starts a new sentence: por eso.

In the app, this lesson is taught one idea at a time with the examples read aloud, followed by questions that explain the rule when you get one wrong. It then comes back for review on later days, until you've answered it correctly on three separate days.