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Spanish grammar lessons › Level B1 › Verbs, Tenses & Conjugation

The passive: ser + participle and the passive se

Say what was done without (or before) saying who did it.

Part of the free B1 Spanish course. Press the speaker next to an example to hear it.

In an active sentence the subject does the action: The Romans built the bridge. In a passive sentence the subject receives it: The bridge was built (by the Romans). Spanish has two passives. One is close to English but formal; the other, with se, is far more common in speech.

1. Ser + participle (+ por)

Use ser in any tense, plus the past participle. Here the participle behaves like an adjective, so it agrees with the subject. The person who did it is introduced with por (Por and para in full).

  • El puente fue construido en 1890.The bridge was built in 1890.
  • La novela fue escrita por una periodista mexicana.The novel was written by a Mexican journalist.
  • Los ladrones fueron detenidos ayer por la noche.The thieves were arrested last night.
  • El nuevo hospital será inaugurado en marzo.The new hospital will be opened in March.
Subjectserparticiple
el puentefueconstruido
la casafueconstruida
los puentesfueronconstruidos
las casasfueronconstruidas

This passive is typical of news, history and formal writing. In conversation it can sound stiff.

2. The passive se

Put se before a verb in the third person. The verb agrees with the thing: singular for one thing, plural for several. No person is mentioned.

  • Se venden pisos en el centro.Flats for sale in the centre.
  • En esta tienda se aceptan tarjetas.Cards are accepted in this shop.
  • Se necesita camarero con experiencia.Experienced waiter needed.
  • El museo se inauguró en 1992.The museum was opened in 1992.
  • Se vendieron todas las entradas en una hora.All the tickets were sold in an hour.

This is the everyday passive, and the one you see on signs. It is closely related to the impersonal se of Impersonal se: se habla español, se dice (se vive bien aquí), which has no subject at all.

With people introduced by a, the verb stays singular: Se busca a los responsables (they are looking for the people responsible). That is the impersonal se, not the passive.

Ser or estar + participle

Ser + participle is the action; estar + participle is the resulting state (Ser or estar: the core contrast).

  • La puerta estaba cerrada cuando llegamos.The door was closed when we arrived.

La puerta fue cerrada a las diez would mean someone closed it at ten (an event).

Common mistakes

  • La ciudad fue fundado: the participle agrees with the subject: fundada.
  • Se vende pisos: you will see it on signs, but the standard form agrees: Se venden pisos.
  • Se construyó el puente por los romanos: the passive se normally has no agent. If you want to say who, use ser: El puente fue construido por los romanos, or simply the active.
  • Overusing the ser passive in conversation: En la reunión se habló de dinero is much more natural than De dinero fue hablado.
  • La tienda fue cerrada cuando llegué for a state: use estaba cerrada.

Practice

  1. La Alhambra _____ construida por los nazaríes.
    The Alhambra was built by the Nasrids.
    Options: fue · estuvo · era · se
    Show the answer

    fue — An action in the past with an agent: ser in the preterite.

  2. Estas fotos _____ (ser) hechas por mi abuelo en los años sesenta.
    These photos were taken by my grandfather in the sixties.
    Show the answer

    fueron

  3. El ladrón fue _____ por la policía en el aeropuerto.
    The thief was arrested by the police at the airport.
    Options: detenido · detenida · detenidos · detener
    Show the answer

    detenido — The participle agrees with el ladrón: masculine singular.

  4. La carta fue _____ (escribir) a mano.
    The letter was written by hand.
    Show the answer

    escrita — Escribir → escrito, feminine escrita to agree with la carta.

In the app, this lesson is taught one idea at a time with the examples read aloud, followed by questions that explain the rule when you get one wrong. It then comes back for review on later days, until you've answered it correctly on three separate days.