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German grammar lessons › Level A2 › German prepositions and their cases

Two-way prepositions: wo? or wohin?

in, an, auf and six more: dative for where something is, accusative for where it goes

Part of the free A2 German course. Press the speaker next to an example to hear it.

You already know prepositions that always take the accusative (Prepositions with the accusative: durch, für, gegen, ohne, um) and prepositions that always take the dative (Prepositions with the dative: aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu). Nine prepositions can take either case. The case tells the listener whether something is somewhere or moves to somewhere.

  • Wo? (where?) A location, no change of place: dative.
  • Wohin? (where to?) A movement towards a destination: accusative.
  • Die Katze schläft auf dem Sofa.The cat is sleeping on the sofa.
  • Die Katze springt auf das Sofa.The cat jumps onto the sofa.

The nine two-way prepositions

PrepositionMeaning
inin, into
anat, on (a vertical surface), to (the sea, a lake)
aufon (a horizontal surface), onto
überover, above
unterunder, below
vorin front of
hinterbehind
nebennext to
zwischenbetween

The articles

MasculineFeminineNeuterPlural
Wo? (dative)dem Tischder Türdem Bettden Stühlen
Wohin? (accusative)den Tischdie Türdas Bettdie Stühle

The dative plural adds -n to the noun if it doesn't already end in -n or -s.

Short forms

In everyday German some combinations are almost always shortened: in dem → im, in das → ins, an dem → am, an das → ans. In speech you will also hear aufs (auf das).

  • Wir sind im Kino.We are at the cinema.
  • Wir gehen heute Abend ins Kino.We are going to the cinema this evening.
  • Das Bild hängt an der Wand.The picture is hanging on the wall.
  • Ich fahre am Wochenende an die Ostsee.I'm going to the Baltic coast at the weekend.
  • Der Bus hält vor dem Bahnhof.The bus stops in front of the station.
  • Das Fahrrad steht zwischen dem Auto und der Garage.The bike is between the car and the garage.
  • Der Hund läuft hinter das Haus.The dog runs round to the back of the house.

Moving around inside a place

Movement alone does not make it accusative. If you move around within one place, the question is still Wo?, so it's dative: Wir joggen im Park (we jog in the park). Wir laufen in den Park means we run into the park.

  • Die Kinder schwimmen im See.The children are swimming in the lake.

Before you choose the article, ask yourself: Wo? or Wohin? If the answer is a destination, use the accusative. The verbs that go with these prepositions are in Putting and being: stellen, stehen, legen, liegen.

When an, in and vor are about time, they always take the dative: am Montag, im Juli, vor einer Woche.

Common mistakes

  • Ich gehe in der Küche. → Ich gehe in die Küche. Going into the kitchen is a destination: accusative.
  • Ich bin in die Stadt. → Ich bin in der Stadt. Being somewhere is a location: dative.
  • Wir joggen in den Park. when you mean jogging around the park → Wir joggen im Park.
  • Ich fahre in Berlin. → Ich fahre nach Berlin. For towns and most countries the destination is nach, not in. Countries with an article use in: in die Schweiz, in die Türkei.
  • Zwischen den Fenster → zwischen den Fenstern. Don't forget the dative plural -n.

Practice

  1. Das Handy liegt _____ Tisch.
    The phone is lying on the table. (Wo? → dative; wohin? → accusative)
    Options: auf dem · auf den · auf der
    Show the answer

    auf dem — Wo? A location takes the dative: der Tisch → auf dem Tisch.

  2. Leg das Handy bitte _____ Tisch.
    Please put the phone on the table.
    Options: auf den · auf dem · auf die
    Show the answer

    auf den — Wohin? A destination takes the accusative: der Tisch → auf den Tisch.

  3. Heute Abend gehen wir _____ Theater.
    We're going to the theatre tonight.
    Options: ins · im · in den
    Show the answer

    ins — Wohin? das Theater → in das, usually shortened to ins.

  4. Meine Eltern wohnen _____ Stadtzentrum.
    My parents live in the city centre.
    Options: im · ins · in der
    Show the answer

    im — Wo? das Zentrum → in dem, usually shortened to im.

In the app, this lesson is taught one idea at a time with the examples read aloud, followed by questions that explain the rule when you get one wrong. It then comes back for review on later days, until you've answered it correctly on three separate days.