German modal verbs, explained
German has six modal verbs: können (can), müssen (must, have to), wollen (want), dürfen (may, be allowed to), sollen (should, be supposed to) and mögen (like), plus the very common möchte (would like).
The modal is conjugated in second position and the other verb goes to the end in the infinitive: Ich kann heute nicht kommen.
The essentials
- Ich and er/sie/es have the same form, with no ending: ich kann, er kann; ich will, sie will.
- Most modals change their vowel in the singular: können, ich kann; müssen, ich muss; dürfen, ich darf.
- Nicht müssen means “don't have to”, not “mustn't”: Du musst nicht kommen. For “mustn't”, use nicht dürfen: Du darfst hier nicht rauchen.
- Möchte is the polite way to say what you want: Ich möchte einen Kaffee, bitte.
- In the past, modals use the Präteritum in speech too: Ich konnte nicht schlafen. Wir mussten warten.
Every lesson on this topic
Each lesson has a full explanation, examples you can listen to, and exercises with answers.
A1 (the A1 course)
- Modal verbs: können, müssen, wollen, dürfen, sollen: can, have to, want to, may, should: the modal is second and the infinitive goes to the end.
- Wishes and likes: möchte, gern, lieber: Ich möchte einen Tee. Ich spiele gern Tennis, lieber Fußball, am liebsten Volleyball.
A2 (the A2 course)
- Modal verbs in the past: konnte, musste, wollte: The simple past of modal verbs, used in speech and in writing
B1 (the B1 course)
- The passive with modal verbs and in the Perfekt: muss repariert werden, ist gebaut worden: the passive in more tenses.
B2 (the B2 course)
- Modal verbs for likelihood and claims: Use muss, dürfte, kann, könnte for how sure you are, and soll and will for claims: Er soll reich sein, Sie will ihn gesehen haben.
In the app, these lessons are taught one idea at a time with audio, practised with questions that explain the rule when you slip, and brought back for review on later days.
Other topics
- The four German cases, explained
- Der, die, das: German gender and articles, explained
- German word order, explained
- German adjective endings, explained
- German prepositions and their cases, explained
- German past tenses: Perfekt and Präteritum, explained
- German separable verbs, explained
- German conjunctions and subordinate clauses, explained
- German relative clauses, explained
- Konjunktiv II: würde, hätte, wäre, explained
- Konjunktiv I and reported speech, explained
- The German passive, explained
- Du or Sie, and German pronouns, explained
- Nicht or kein: German negation, explained
- German modal particles: doch, mal, ja, eben, explained
- German pronunciation and spelling, explained