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German grammar lessons › Level B2 › German conjunctions and subordinate clauses

Reasons and contrasts: da, zumal, infolgedessen, dennoch, wohingegen

Link ideas in more formal German with da, zumal, infolgedessen, folglich, dennoch, allerdings and wohingegen, and put the verb in the right place.

Part of the free B2 German course. Press the speaker next to an example to hear it.

At B1 you used weil, deshalb, obwohl and trotzdem (deshalb, deswegen, darum, sonst, obwohl and trotzdem: although, and still). B2 texts use a wider set of connectors. The key question for each one is: where does the verb go?

ConnectorMeaningTypeVerb position
dasince, as (a known reason)conjunctionend
zumalespecially asconjunctionend
wohingegenwhereasconjunctionend
infolgedessenas a resultadverbdirectly after it (position 2)
folglichconsequentlyadverbposition 2, or in the middle
dennochneverthelessadverbposition 2, or in the middle
allerdingshowever, admittedlyadverbposition 2, or in the middle

Reasons: da and zumal

da gives a reason the listener probably knows already. A da clause very often comes first; weil usually comes after the main clause. zumal adds an extra, decisive reason and comes after the main clause.

  • Da der Zug Verspätung hatte, kamen wir zu spät zur Besprechung.As the train was delayed, we were late for the meeting.
  • Ich bleibe heute zu Hause, zumal ich noch erkältet bin.I'm staying at home today, especially as I've still got a cold.

Consequences: infolgedessen and folglich

  • Es hatte die ganze Nacht geschneit, infolgedessen fielen viele Züge aus.It had snowed all night, and as a result many trains were cancelled.
  • Die Firma machte Verluste und musste folglich Stellen abbauen.The company made losses and consequently had to cut jobs.

Contrasts: dennoch, allerdings, wohingegen

dennoch is a slightly more formal trotzdem. allerdings adds a restriction (though, admittedly). wohingegen (also während) contrasts two facts.

  • Das Hotel war teuer, dennoch haben wir dort übernachtet.The hotel was expensive, but we stayed there nevertheless.
  • Die Wohnung ist schön, allerdings ist sie sehr laut.The flat is nice, though it's very noisy.
  • Mein Bruder liebt die Berge, wohingegen ich lieber am Meer bin.My brother loves the mountains, whereas I prefer the seaside.

The adverbs (dennoch, infolgedessen, allerdings, folglich) count as the first element of a main clause, so the verb follows immediately: Dennoch haben wir… They can also stand in the middle: Die Wohnung ist allerdings sehr laut.

Common mistakes

  • Dennoch wir haben dort übernachtet. The verb comes straight after the adverb: Dennoch haben wir dort übernachtet.
  • Da ich hatte keine Zeit, … da sends the verb to the end: Da ich keine Zeit hatte, …
  • Zumal ich krank bin, bleibe ich zu Hause. zumal follows the main clause; to start with the reason, use da.
  • …, wohingegen ich bin lieber am Meer. wohingegen is a conjunction, so the verb goes last: wohingegen ich lieber am Meer bin.

Practice

  1. _____ es keine Fragen mehr gibt, beenden wir die Sitzung.
    As there are no more questions, we'll end the meeting.
    Options: Da · Dennoch · Infolgedessen · Zumal
    Show the answer

    Da — A known reason in a clause that comes first: da (verb at the end).

  2. Wir nehmen den Zug, _____ das Wetter so schlecht ist.
    We're taking the train, especially as the weather is so bad.
    Show the answer

    zumal — zumal adds an extra reason after the main clause.

  3. Die Straße war gesperrt. _____ mussten wir einen Umweg fahren.
    As a result, we had to take a detour.
    Options: Infolgedessen · Da · Wohingegen · Zumal
    Show the answer

    Infolgedessen — A consequence, with the verb straight after the connector: infolgedessen.

  4. Er hatte kaum geschlafen, _____ war er bei der Prüfung hellwach.
    He had hardly slept; nevertheless he was wide awake in the exam.
    Options: dennoch · da · zumal · wohingegen
    Show the answer

    dennoch — A contrast against expectation, followed by the verb: dennoch.

In the app, this lesson is taught one idea at a time with the examples read aloud, followed by questions that explain the rule when you get one wrong. It then comes back for review on later days, until you've answered it correctly on three separate days.